Molecular shape geometry

 Life is a relationship among molecules and not a property of any molecule.

—Linus Pauling—

Molecular geometry is basically the three-dimensional arrangement, shape and structure of the atoms that make up a molecule. When the molecules are formed by a chemical bond, which means that the atoms join one another, the suborbitals involved in the bond or bonds create different molecular shapes that depend on many factors.

The chemical composition and molecular geometry of a molecule is what mainly determines the properties of the molecule. Like taste, boiling point, magnetism, dynamics, polarity, color, and all other properties.

A bond angle is a geometric angle between two adjacent bonds. Some common shapes of simple molecules include:

  • Linear: The atoms are linked together to form a straight line. The bonding angles are 180 degrees and, for example, carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitric oxide (NO).
  • Triangular planar: Geometry is formed when a compound has one atom in the center attached to three other atoms in an arrangement that looks like a triangle around the central atom. The four atoms are in the same line and in the same plane.
  • Trigonal pyramidal: It has the shape of a pyramid with a base that looks like a triangle. The trigonal pyramidal structure resembles tetrahedral molecular geometry, pyramidal structures need three dimensions for them to fully separate electrons. An example is ammonia (NH3).
  • Tetrahedral: Tetra means four and tetrahedral basically means a solid or pyramid that has four sides. Tetrahedral molecular geometry is formed when a central atom has four bonds with four atoms at a time, forming a pyramid shape with four sides. An example is methane (CH4).
  • Square Plane: It is formed when a central atom has four bonds and two lone pairs. Xenon tetrafluoride (XeF4) is an example of the square planar structure; It is formed by six equidistant orbitals arranged at 90 degree angles, which form an octahedral shape.
  • Trigonal bipyramidal: Occurs when the central atom is connected to five atoms forming five bonds and without lone pairs. Three of the five bonds are created along the equator of the atom at 120 degree angles while the remaining two are formed on the axis of the atom. An example is phosphorous pentachloride (PCl 5).
  • Octahedral: It is a pyramid or solid that has eight sides or faces. The octahedral structure has six joined atoms that form 90 degree angles to each other. An example is sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).
  • Trigonal pyramidal: A trigonal pyramidal molecule has a pyramid- like shape with a triangular base.




















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